Fear, Memory and the Brain Joseph E. LeDoux, PhD Henry and Lucy Moses Professor of Science Professor of Neural Science and Psychology New York University, New York, USA	PLEASE NOTE You will need RealPlayer to listen to this lecture. Click HERE to download RealPlayer for free. Click HERE for instructions on selecting and downloading a version of RealPlayer that will work with your computer system.
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	Slide 1: Much of the basic work has been done in non-human animals, however the findings have been shown to apply to humans as well. Click for: AUDIO
	Slide 2: Many of the things that arouse fear are NOT built into the brain's hardware - they come about through learning and persist through memory. Click for: AUDIO
	Slide 3: Learned fear is studied in the laboratory using a procedure called Pavlovian or Classical fear conditioning. Click for: AUDIO
	Slide 4: A typical fear conditioning experiment: pairing a tone (the Conditioned Stimulus or CS) with a shock (the Unconditioned Stimulus, or US) causes the rat to freeze the next time he hears only the tone. Only one such pairing is required for the rat to make the association. Click for: AUDIO
	Slide 5: A fear arousing stimulus lead also to a host of biological reactions that consitute the defense response that helps the organism cope with the danger it is facing. These responses occur to the tone AFTER, but not BEFORE conditioning. Click for: AUDIO
	Slide 6: Fear conditioning occurs throughout the animal kingdom. Many use a common brain mechanism to achieve fear conditioning. Click for: AUDIO
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